Background and Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise with low and intermediate intensity on appetite, body weight, exercise energy expenditure, and plasma ghrelin level in women.Materials and Methods: Sixteen relatively obese (BMI>28) and 14 relatively thin (BMI<22) volunteer female-subjects were divided randomly into four groups, including obese with low intensity exercise (age=45.75±6.75 years, BMI=29.21±0.50 kg/m2), obese with moderate intensity exercise (age=47.12±4.12 years, BMI=29.59±0.127 kg/m2), thin with low intensity exercise (age=8±4.65 years, BMI=21.21±0.53 kg/m2), and thin with moderate intensity (age=38.125±2.53 years, BMI=21.49±0.377 kg/m2) exercise. Both the thin and obese groups with low intensity exercise ran 30 minutes per session (3 sessions/wk) for 8 weeks by 50% of the Maximum Heart Rate (MHR). The intermediate exercise counterparts did the same exercise by 60% of MHR. Body weight at the beginning of each session and the distance run were recorded in each session. The Visual Analog Scale-based appetite questionnaires were filled in the morning of the 1st session of the first and fifth weeks and also in the morning of the day after the final session of the 8th week of the training, in all cases blood samples were taken to measure plasma acylated ghrelin level. The statistical tests used for data analysis included one-way ANOVA, ANOVA for repeated measurements, pair t-test, and partial Pearson correlation at 0.05 significance level.Results: In all groups, feeling of hunger and plasma acylated ghrelin level increased, while body weight and satiety decreased (P<0.05). There were significant differences in the magnitude of changes in hunger and satiety among the groups between the 4th and 8th weeks of exercise (P<0.05). The distances run in each group between the 4th to 8th weeks were longer than those run in first 4-week of exercise (P<0.05). The distances run by the thin groups in both the 1st and 2nd 4-week periods were longer than those run by the obese groups (P<0.05). The data also showed that both the thin groups’ exercise energy expenditures were higher than those of the obese groups between the 4th and 8th weeks of the training (P<0.05). A statistically significant correlation was observed only in the thin group with low-intensity exercise between the body weight changes and hunger changes by the end of the 8-week period and between the aerobic exercise energy expenditure and the acylated ghrelin level changes between the 4th and 8th weeks (P< 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the distance run and changes in the plasma acylated ghrelin level between the 4th and 8th week of the training only in the thin group with moderate-intensity excercise (P<0.05).Conclusion: It is unlikely that the aerobic exercise intensity or obesity/thinness would be the only effective factors on appetite in women. It seems moderate-intensity exercise would be preferential in weigh loss programs because of its higher energy expenditure. Additionally, it is expected that moderate-intensity exercise would give better results also in body weigh gain programs due to smaller increases in a feeling of hunger in thin individuals with low-intensity exercise. However, since true energy intake was not measured in this study (and considering lack of evidence in this area), longitudinal studies are needed to throw more light on the subject.

Background: Investigating how fasting affects the hunger-fullness cycle, changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and percentage of fat from a weight regulatory perspective is of utmost importance. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of fasting on appetite-regulating hormones in thin and obese females. Methods: In this quasi-experimental research, 25 thin and obese females, whose age ranged from 30 to 45 years were selected through the purposive convenient method. They were divided in terms of their BMI to 2 groups of thin (n = 13) and obese (n = 12) individuals. Their serum concentration of ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) was then measured in both groups in 4 stages: 3 days prior to the fasting month, in 14 and 28 days of fasting, and 2 weeks after the fasting intervention. The collected data were then statistically analyzed via repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P < 0. 05). Results: The mean serum concentration of ghrelin in obese and thin females in the pre-intervention, intervention, and postintervention time series were, respectively, 109 to 119 and 142 to 192 ng/mL. Within-group differences were not statistically significant (P < 0. 05). The mean concentration of PYY in obese and thin females in the pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention time series showed change from 103 to 124 and 142 to 166 pg/mL, respectively. No statistically significant within-group differences were observed (P < 0. 05). Between-group differences of ghrelin concentration and PYY in the pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention time series were not statistically significant (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: The present findings revealed that fasting had no effect on the hunger-fullness cycle and that significant reduction in weight, BMI, and percentage of fat during fasting were independent of hormone changes.

Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

The effect of number of mating on longevity and fecundity of the predatory mite Euseius scutalis Athias-henriot was studied under laboratory conditions (at 25±1 ºC, 60 ± 5 % RH and 16: 8 L:D). Newly emerged adult females (less than 24 h) were held individually in a 9 cm arena. A male (less than 24 h) remained with a female for limited periods of time or continuously. Four treatments were designed: virgin females, single mated females, multiple mated females (female had access to a male every five days), multiple mated females (female had continuous access to a male). Mating was necessary for oviposition. Virgin females lived the longest (25 days). However, no significant differences were found among longevity of mated females (12- 15). Similarly, no significant differences were detected among fecundity of females with different numbers of mating (18- 22 eggs). Sex ratio was significantly female-biased in progeny of single mated females and multiple mated females with periodic access to male. However, no significant difference was found in sex ratio of progeny of multiple mated females with continuous access to male.

The main result of this paper gives a characterization of association schemes having com-mutative thin thin residue. This gives a generalization of Ito's Theorem on finite groups for association schemes.

Mysticism is a special lifestyle in which the relationship between the Lord and the servant or the creator and the creature is made possible by walking in certain mystical and spiritual paths. In the Islamic culture, mysticism, as mental and cordial acquisition, is a means of attaining the truth through revelations and self-purification. There is enough historical evidence that mysticism which is based on religious attitudes has been practiced by both sexes, it is, hence, unreasonable to ignore the role of ladies in that regard.In patriarchal societies, females with quite limited presence in social, economic, religious, and political arenas had a marginal role to play and many difficulties to enter the circle of mystics. They finally, however, managed to find their way in and even to surpass males.The present article aims at female mystics in the history and how they got to enter mystics. It is concluded that a number of factors are there to account for this. The most important one is family relationships. In the early era of mysticism, females attended monasteries as eager auditors. They served mystics and supported monasteries by raising charity to meet their expenses. In some sects, they would just attend sermons and make quotation. Little by little, however, they took steps in mystical development and began to train pupils, give sermons, manage monasteries, hold sufi-dance (Sama) ceremonies, set up solidarity organizations for the sake of cooperation, and the like. Some of those females even get to be divine patrons. The difference between attitudes held by lady-mystics seem to be due to the difference between the ways and manners they adapt to practice mysticism.

Background: Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp.) are sexually transmitted organisms found primarily in the human urogenital microbiota. These microorganisms are frequently associated with some diseases including non-gonococcal urethritis, vaginosis, pregnancy complications, prenatal infections, systemic infections and infertility.Objectives: The current studyaimedto evaluate the prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp. in routinegynecological care.Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study with simple random sampling was designed. A total of 6, 810 patients with the age range of 11 to 80 years were evaluated, during a six-month period from January 2015 to June 2015 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. DNAs were extracted from cytological samples (ThinPrepTM) to detect microorganisms by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).Results: The high prevalence of M. hominis (n=79), Ureaplasma spp. (n=2, 026) and the co-colonization of both (n=199) with P< 0.0001 in the samples were verified, mainly in sexually active aged females. The results also indicated a negative and significant correlation between co-colonization of Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis, Ureaplasma spp., and age.Conclusions: In conclusion, the data showed that high rate of females harbor these microorganisms in the genital microbiota. This finding suggests the importance of routine gynecological tests, mainly in pregnant females, during the second and third trimesters, and in asymptomatic females under infertility clinical investigation. Furthermore, the application of molecular methods is suggested; since they provide a fast and accurate diagnosis of these microorganisms, but sensitivity of the tests should be considered in the clinical relevant concentration of microorganisms in the genital microbiota.

Background and Objectives: Despite an important role of core muscles in proximal stability during dynamic activity, our knowledge about the function of core muscles stabilizers in people with patellofemoral pain syndrome )PFPS( is quite limited. In this study, the endurance and function of the core muscles in females with PFPS compared to healthy females. Subjects and Methods: Participants in this study were 20 females with diagnosis of PFPS, and 20 healthy females matched for age, weight, height, and activity level. Endurance of the back extensors, the lateral flexors and function of abdominal muscles were tested using the Sorensen, the side bridge and the straight leg lowering tests, respectively. Independent t-test was used for comparison between two groups. Results: The endurance of back extensors (P=0. 003), left lateral flexors (P =0. 005) and function of abdominal muscles (P =0. 022) in the PFPS group were significantly lower than the healthy group. Conclusion: Reduction in the lower trunk endurance might be a contributing factor to PFPS in females.